Baligh, Randa. (2022). Pestilences in Ancient Egypt and Their Relation to Certain Deities and Events الأوبئة في مصر القديمة وعلاقتها بآلهة وأحداث معينة. حولية الاتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب "دراسات فى آثار الوطن العربى", 25(1), 39-60. doi: 10.21608/cguaa.2022.115417.1102
Randa Baligh. "Pestilences in Ancient Egypt and Their Relation to Certain Deities and Events الأوبئة في مصر القديمة وعلاقتها بآلهة وأحداث معينة". حولية الاتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب "دراسات فى آثار الوطن العربى", 25, 1, 2022, 39-60. doi: 10.21608/cguaa.2022.115417.1102
Baligh, Randa. (2022). 'Pestilences in Ancient Egypt and Their Relation to Certain Deities and Events الأوبئة في مصر القديمة وعلاقتها بآلهة وأحداث معينة', حولية الاتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب "دراسات فى آثار الوطن العربى", 25(1), pp. 39-60. doi: 10.21608/cguaa.2022.115417.1102
Baligh, Randa. Pestilences in Ancient Egypt and Their Relation to Certain Deities and Events الأوبئة في مصر القديمة وعلاقتها بآلهة وأحداث معينة. حولية الاتحاد العام للآثاريين العرب "دراسات فى آثار الوطن العربى", 2022; 25(1): 39-60. doi: 10.21608/cguaa.2022.115417.1102
Pestilences in Ancient Egypt and Their Relation to Certain Deities and Events الأوبئة في مصر القديمة وعلاقتها بآلهة وأحداث معينة
Professor of Egyptian Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Mansoura University
المستخلص
Abstract: Diseases and pestilences were recorded in Egypt since the earliest times, as were medicines and remedies. This research aims to understand how the ancient Egyptians viewed pestilences and construed their causes, in addition to surveying the major pestilences that occurred in ancient and modern Egypt. Evidence of pestilences and diseases may be found in mummies and texts from ancient Egypt. One of the earliest references in texts comes from the Story of Sinuhe in Papyrus Berlin 3022, 34-45. It refers to the fear of Amenemhat I spreading in the land like Sekhmet’s “year of the pestilence”. Pestilences in ancient Egypt were often associated with the goddess Sekhmet who was depicted in feline form as a lioness or domestic cat. Her name means strength in ancient Egyptian language. Sekhmet has over 300 statues in the precinct of Mut in Kanak, which were probably made so the goddess would lift a terrible pestilence. Egyptians also considered pestilences were associated with certain creatures known as the “Khayeet”, “Dened” and “De.hret”. The five Epagomenal Days at the end of the Egyptian year were considered unlucky days. Much like other cultures, the Egyptians associated famine or low Nile inundations with pestilence as the Nile was and still is the artery of life for Egypt. From the study it appears the plague and cholera were among the worse pestilences that Egypt experienced, and Corona or Covid-19 was not the worse pestilence to hit Egypt. الملخص: عرفت مصر الأمراض والأوبئة منذ عصور مبکرة، لکنها عرفت أيضًا الطب والعقاقير، يهدف هذا البحث إلى فهم نظرة المصريين القدماء للأوبئة وتفسيرهم لأسبابها، بالإضافة لعمل مسح لأهم وأکبر الأوبئة التي مرت بمصر القديمة والحديثة. وقد عرفنا عن الأمراض والأوبئة من المومياوات والأجساد التي وصلتنا، بالإضافة إلى النصوص التي ترکها المصريون القدماء. ومن أقدم ما سمعناه عن الأوبئة في مصر القديمة ما ورد في قصة سنوهي المحفوظة ببردية برلين 3022، 34-45، فيقول: "کيف ستکون هذه الأرض الآن بدون هذا الإله الکامل (يقصد أمنمحات الأول، أول ملوک الأسرة الثانية عشرة)، الذي انتشر خوفه في البلاد مثل عام الوباء الخاص بسخمت". وقد إرتبطت الأوبئة في مصر القديمة بعدة أشياء منها الإلهة سخمت التي صورت على هيئة لبؤة، أو أحيانًا بهيئة القطة المنزلية. وکان اسمها باللغة المصرية القديمة "سخمت" يعني القوية أو القوة. ويوجد لسخمت حوالي 300 تمثال بمعبد موت بالکرنک غالبًا تم عملها لترفع المعبودة سخمت وباء شديد بالبلاد. وربط المصري القديم بين الأوبئة ومخلوقات بمسميات مثل "خاييت"، "دند"، و"دحرت". وکانت الأيام الخمس بنهاية السنة المصرية تعرف بأيام سيئة الحظ. ربطت عدة حضارات بين المجاعات والأوبئة فکثير ما تزامنا. وربما لأهمية النيل کشريان للحياة في مصر القديمة فقد ربط المصري بين الفيضانات المنخفضة والأوبئة. وبعرض النتائج سنجد أن أهم الأوبئة التي مرت بمصر کانت الطاعون والکوليرا، وأن الکورونا أو کوفيد 19 لم يکن أسوأ وباء ألمَّ بمصر.
- Aldred, C., Akhenaten: King of Egypt, London, 1988.
- Beckett, B., «Darkness and Pestilence: Contagious Bodies and Cosmopolitan Boundaries in Lawrence Durrell’s Alexandria», South Atlantic Review 81, No. 4, Winter 2016, 45-65.
- Bicak, L.J., «Pestilence», The American Biology Teacher 49, No. 2, Feb. 1987, 99-102.
- Cannon, P.R., «War, Famine and Pestilence», The Scientific Monthly 56, No. 1, Jan. 1943, 5-14.
- Christie, J.J., «Akhenaten’s Amarna in New Kingdom Egypt: Relation of Landscape and Ideology», In Political Landscapes of Capital Cities, edited by J.J. Christie, J. Bogdanovic, E. Guzmán, Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, August 2016, 25-64.
- Conrad, L.I., «Ţā`ūn and Wabā’: Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam», Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25, No. 3, 1982, 268-307.
- Contis, G., «Environment, Health and Disease in Alexandria and the Nile Delta», In Alexandria, Read and Imagined, edited by A. Hirst, & M. Silk, Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 2004, 227-245.
- Dawson, W.R., «Some Observations on the Egyptian Calendars of Lucky and Unlucky Days», JEA 12, No. 3/4, Oct. 1926, 260-264.
- DesOrmeaux, A.L., «The Black Death and its Effect on Fourteenth-and Fifteenth-Century art», Master Thesis, Louisiana State University, May 2007.
- Gordetsky, J. & O’Brien, J., «Urology and the Scientific Method in Ancient Egypt», Urology 73, No. 3, 2009, 476-479.
- Gourevitch, D., «The Galenic Plague: A Breakdown of the Imperial Pathocoenosis: Pathocoenosis and Longue Durée», History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 27, No. 5, 2005, 57-69.
- Győry, H., «I3dt rnpt or the ‘Pestilence of the Year’», Pharmacy and Medicine in Ancient Egypt Proceedings of the Conference Held in Cairo (2007) and Manchester (2008), edited by J. Cockitt, & R. David, British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International Series 2141, Oxford: Archaeopress, 2010, 81-84.
- Habermehl, A., «The Ipuwer Papyrus and the Exodus», In Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Creationism, Whitmore, J.H. (ed.), 2018, 1-6.
- Kozloff, A.P., «Bubonic Plague in the Reign of Amenhotep III?», In Amarna Letters 5, edited by D.C. Forbes, Weaverville, NC: KMT Communications, LLC, 2015, 28-49.
- Kuckens, K., «The Children of Amarna: Disease and Famine in the Time of Akhenaten», Master Thesis in Anthropology, University of Arkansas, August, 2013.
- Laboury, D., “Aten vs Amun: Religious Politics and Political Religion Under Tutankhamun and his Father Akhenaten”, In Tutankhamun: Discovering the Forgotten Pharaoh, Catalogue, edited by S. Connor, & D. Laboury, Aegyptiaca Leodiensia 12, Liège, Belgium: Presses Universitaires de Liège, 2020, 238-243.
- Lorenzi, R., «Mummies May Have Had a Real Scare-Malaria», Discovery Channel on NBC News, Oct. 23, 2008. URL: http://www.nbnewsc.com/id/wbna27345796. Consulted online on Sat. Nov. 6, 2021.
- Moran, W.L., The Amarna Letters, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
- Nunn, J.F., Ancient Egyptian Medicine, London: British Museum Press, 1996.
- Palmer, J.F., «Pestilences: Their Influence on the History of Nations, as Shown in the History of the Plague», Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1, 1883-1884, 242-259.
- Porceddu, S., Jetsu, L., Markkanen, T. & Toivari-Viitala, J., «Evidence of Periodicity in Ancient Egyptian Calendars of Lucky and Unlucky Days», Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18, No. 3 October 2008, 327-339.
- Pritchard, J.B. (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955-1969.
- Ruffer, A. & Ferguson, A.R.: «Note on an Eruption Resembling that of Variola in the Skin of a Mummy of the XXth Dynasty 1200-1100 B.C.)», Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 15, No. 1, 1911, 1-3.
- Russel, J.C., «Effects of Pestilence and Plague, 1316-1385», Comparative Studies in Society and History 8, No. 4, July 1966, 464-473.
- Sallares, R., «Pathocoenoses Ancient and Modern», History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 27, No. 2, 2005, 201-220.
- Scheidel, W., Death on the Nile: Disease and the Demography of Roman Egypt, Mnemosyne, Supplements (MnS), History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity CCXXVIII (228), Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill, 2001.
- Singer, I., «Hittite Prayers», Writings from the Ancient World 11, edited by Harry A. Hoffner, Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002.
- Smith, G.E., The Papyrus Ebers, Translated by Cyril P. Bryan, London: Garden City Press, 1930.
- ----------------, TheRoyal Mummies, Catalogue Géneral des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire (CCG) (Nr. 61051-61100), Le Caire: Imprimerie de l’IFAO, 1912.
- Strouhal, E., «Traces of a Smallpox Epidemic in the Family of Ramesses V of the Egyptian 20th Dynasty», Anthropologie 34, 1996, 315-319.
- Sussman, G.D., «Was the Black Death in India and China?», Journal of the History of Medicine 85, No. 3, Fall 2011, 319-355.
- al-Thaʿālibī (D: 1038), Laṭāʾif al-maʿārif, comments by Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī and ḥasan Kāmil al-ṣayrafī, Cairo, 1960.
- Trevisanato, S.I., «The ‘Hittite Plague,’ an Epidemic of Tularemia and the First evidence of Biological Warfare», Medical Hypotheses 69, 2007, 1371-1374.
- al-Yaʿqūbī: Kitāb al-buldān, edited by M.J. de Goeje, BGA VII, Leiden, 1982.
مشاهدة على SCiNiTO
بداية الصفحة